英语科学词汇科技英语词汇语境记忆5

导读However,atlongertimescaleswhenthedissolvedhydrateformersbecomedepleted,thehydr....

However, at longer time scales when the dissolved hydrate formers become depleted, the hydrate formation rate is limited by the mass transfer of the hydrate formers or water across the hydrate film.

(1) scale：梯子，攀登，攀爬/ 规模，范围，程度，等级，比例

l 词源解析：来自拉丁语 scala, 梯子，来自（缩写自） scandere, 攀爬，攀登，来自 PIE * skand, 爬，上升， 词源同 scan,ascend,descend. 字母 d 脱落，类似拼写比较 rule,regulate. 引申词义规模，范围， 程度，等级，比例等。s/cal/e car-=cal- 词根：雕、刻 ---梯子，攀登，攀爬和雕刻直接有关系；规模，范围，程度，等级，比例和刻度、尺度有关系，刻度、尺度是用来衡量规模、范围、程度、等级、比例的。

l 例句分析： 1. However, on a longer time scale, we can create alternatives to using servers. 尽管如此，为了长久的将来著想，我们可以创造另一个使用伺服器的选择。2. Population dynamics studies under shifting environmental conditions over a longer timescale can help to determine how different species react to new biotic and abiotic conditions.在长时间尺度上研究环境变化条件下的种群动态，有助于确定不同物种如何对新的生物和非生物条件做出反应。3. For a longer time scale, the relative importance of climatic factors and agro-technologies isnot only related to the time scale, but also to the mutation of climate and technologies. 在更长的时间尺度内，农业生产技术水平和气候之间哪一个对产量的影响更大，这不仅牵涉到时间尺度，而且同气候、农业生产技术水平的突变有关。

(2) deplete：耗尽/diplitid/

l 词源解析：de-, 不，非，使相反。 -ple, 满的，词源同 full, complete. 即把满的倒空，耗尽。

(3) limited

l 语境分析：◙ adj. 1. not very great in amount or extent• 有限的: »We are doing our best with the limited resources available. 我们利用可获得的有限资源,尽最大的努力。 2. ~ (to sth) restricted to a particular limit of time, numbers, etc.• 受(…的)限制:

l 词语辨析：◘ limit sth to sb / sth [usually passive] 介词to,本意是去、到的意思，那么用to就是限制到某一个地方或到某一个范围，be limited by 而by是属于正常的，被事情所限制.

• to make sth exist or happen only in a particular place or within a particular group• 使(某事只在某地或某群体内)存在(或发生): »Violent crime is not limited to big cities. 暴力犯罪并不局限于大城市。 »The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures. 教授历史不应该局限于讲年代和人物。

The growth rate of a hydrate film across an interface between a guest-rich phase and a water-rich phase has been studied in detail for both CO2-water systems14,15 and methane-water systems.25 These studies showed that the growth rate was limited by heat or mass transfer between the growing hydrate front and the bulk fluid phases. The various heat transfer models have been summarized by Mochizuki and Mori,26 and a similar mass transfer model is described by Mochizuki and Mori.18 The time scale of the initial growth of a hydrate film is very short: film growth rates from 20 to 1000 µm/s have been reported.14,15,25 The subsequent mass transfer limited growth period is much slower, but controversy still exists about whether the transport of the guest2,12,13,23,27,28 or water molecules29-34 controls the hydrate growth rate. This question has notable importance, as it determines the driving force for hydrate formation and how this driving force transfers between different systems. It is the aim of this study to better understand the mass transfer mechanism across a hydrate film.

(1) The growth rate of a hydrate film across an interface between a guest-rich phase and a water-rich phase has been studied in detail for both CO2-water systems14,15 and methane-water systems.25

翻译：我们针对一系列CO2-H2O和CH4-H2O体系，对在富气相界面和富水相界面之间的水合物膜生长速率进行了详细研究。

(4) for

l 词源辨析：for 的基本含义：在…前。来源于原始印欧语* pro (从前 , 前面) , 史前日耳曼语 fora (前) , 日耳曼语 for (前) , 进入英语后逐步发展为现在的意义。【同源词】： first, fore, former, foremost, forth, from, fro, before

l 语境分析：was studied for both CO2-water systems14,15 and methane-water systems. 字面意思：在这两个体系前面，应该是第一种意思，做的这个研究，就是给这两个体系的。这个研究就是给这两个体系做的，表示的是一种主仆关系。为这两个体系而做的研究，体系是因，做研究是果。直译的意思是翻译成针对这两个体系。

1. used to show who is intended to have or use sth or where sth is intended to be put• (表示对象、用途等)给,对,供: »Theres a letter for you. 有你一封信。 »Its a book for children. 这是本儿童读物。 »We got a new table for the dining room. 我们给饭厅添了一张新桌子。 »This is the place for me (= I like it very much). 这里很适合我。 2. in order to help sb / sth• 以帮助；为了: »What can I do for you (= how can I help you) ? 有什么事我可以为你效劳？ »Can you translate this letter for me? 你能为我翻译这封信吗？ »I took her classes for her while she was sick. 她生病时我为她代课。 »soldiers fighting for their country 为祖国出征的军人 3. concerning sb / sth• 关于: »They are anxious for her safety. 他们为她的安全担心。 »Fortunately for us, the weather changed. 我们运气好,天气变了。 4. as a representative of• 代表: »I am speaking for everyone in this department. 我代表这个部门全体人员讲话。 5. employed by• 受雇于: »Shes working for IBM. 她在国际商用机器公司工作。 6. meaning• 意思是: »Shaking your head for No is not universal. 以摇头表示"不",并非放诸四海而皆准。 7. in support of sb / sth• 支持；拥护: »Are you for or against the proposal? 你支持还是反对这个建议？ »They voted for independence in a referendum. 他们在全民公决投票中赞成独立。 »Theres a strong case for postponing the exam. 有充分理由推迟考试。 »Im all for people having fun. 我完全赞成人们尽情享乐。 --› compare against (2)8. used to show purpose or function• (表示目的或功能): »a machine for slicing bread 切麪包片机 »Lets go for a walk. 咱们去散散步。 »Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work? 你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？ »What did you do that for (= Why did you do that) ? 你为什么干那件事？ 9. used to show a reason or cause• 因为；由于: »The town is famous for its cathedral. 这个城镇以大教堂著名。 »She gave me a watch for my birthday. 她送给我一块手表作为生日礼物。 »He got an award for bravery. 他因英勇受奖。 »I couldnt speak for laughing. 我笑得说不出话来。 10. in order to obtain sth• 为得到；为获取: »He came to me for advice. 他来征求我的意见。 »For more information, call this number. 欲知详情,请拨打此电话号码。 »There were over fifty applicants for the job. 有五十多人申请这个工作。 11. in exchange for sth• 换取: »Copies are available for two dollars each. 两元一份。 »Ill swap these two bottles for that one. 我要拿这两瓶换那一瓶。 12. considering what can be expected from sb / sth• 就…而言: »The weather was warm for the time of year. 在一年的这个时节这天气算是暖和的了。 »Shes tall for her age. 从她这个年龄看她个子算是高的。 »Thats too much responsibility for a child. 对于一个孩子来说,这责任是太重了。 13. better, happier, etc. ~ sth better, happier, etc. following sth• …后(更好、更快乐等): »Youll feel better for a good nights sleep. 你晚上睡个好觉就会觉得好些。 »This room would look more cheerful for a spot of paint. 这个房间油漆一下就会显得更加悦目。 14. used to show where sb / sth is going• (表示去向)往,向: »Is this the bus for Chicago? 这辆公共汽车是去芝加哥的吗？ »She knew she was destined for a great future. 她知道她注定要成大器。 15. used to show a length of time• (表示一段时间): »Im going away for a few days. 我要离开几天。 »Thats all the news there is for now. 目前新闻就这么多。 16. used to show that sth is arranged or intended to happen at a particular time• (安排或预定)在…时: »an appointment for May 12 * 5 月 12 日的一次约见 »Were invited for 7.30. 我们受到邀请,7 点 30 分出席。 17. used to show the occasion when sth happens• (表示场合): »Im warning you for the last time—stop talking! 我最后一次警告你——闭嘴！ 18. used to show a distance• (表示距离): »The road went on for miles and miles. 这条道路绵延数英里。 19. used to say how difficult, necessary, pleasant, etc. sth is that sb might do or has done• 对(某人)来说(困难、必需、愉快等): »Its useless for us to continue. 我们继续做下去也无用。 »Theres no need for you to go. 你不必走。 »For her to have survived such an ordeal was remarkable. 她经历了那样的苦难活下来了,真不简单。 »The box is too heavy for me to lift. 这只箱子太沉,我搬不动。 »Is it clear enough for you to read? 这个你读起来清不清楚？ 20. used to show who can or should do sth• (表示谁可以或应该做某事): »Its not for me to say why he left. 不适宜由我说出他离开的原因。 »How to spend the money is for you to decide. 怎样花这笔钱由你决定。

【IDIOMS】

◘ be in for it (BrE also be for it) (informal) • to be going to get into trouble or be punished• 会惹出麻烦；要受惩罚: »Wed better hurry or well be in for it. 我们最好赶快,不然要受罚的。 ◘ for all 1. despite• 尽管；虽然: »For all its clarity of style, the book is not easy reading. 这本书虽然文体清晰,但读起来并不容易。 2. used to say that sth is not important or of no interest or value to you / sb• (表示对某人不重要、无价值或无所谓): »For all I know shes still living in Boston. 说不定她还住在波士顿。 »You can do what you like, for all I care. 你想干什么就可以干什么,我才不管呢。 »For all the good its done we might as well not have bothered. 那件事带来的好处不多,我们本不该操心的。 ◘ theres / thats... for you • (often ironic) used to say that sth is a typical example of its kind• …的典型；…就是这样: »She might at least have called to explain. Theres gratitude for you. 她本来至少可以来电话解释一下。她就这么表示感谢。

(5) ◙ conj. (old-fashioned) or• (literary) • used to introduce the reason for sth mentioned in the previous statement• 因为；由于: »We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families. 我们急不可待地听着,因为他带来了我们家人的消息。 »I believed her—for surely she would not lie to me. 我相信她的话——因为她肯定不会向我撒谎。

(6) system: 系统，体系，制度

l 词源分析：来自拉丁语 systema, 系统，安排，来自希腊语 systema,有机整体，来自 sy-, 一起， -st, 站立。站到一起来组成的一个东西，系统：很多零部件组成的一个有机整体。

l 中文释义：系统---1.生物体内由多种器官联合组成的结构。这些器官在组织形态上有相似的特征，在机能上完成一种连续性的生理作用。如心脏、动脉、静脉、毛细血管等器官构成循环系统，共同完成血液循环的生理机能。2.同类事物按一定的关系联合起来，成为一个有组织的整体：组织～。灌溉～。3.有条理地；连贯地：～学习马克思主义理论。

l 语境分析：CO2-water systems ，表明这个系统是有多重成份组成的一个有机的一个整体，这个整体是为了进行研究某一个目的而组成在一起的。